Toshinosuke Ichimaru, also known as Rinosuke Ichimaru (市丸利之助 Ichimaru rinosuke, Karatsu, September 20, 1891 - Iwo Jima, March 26, 1945), was a Japanese admiral and aviator of the Second World War.

Letters from Iwo Jima. Classic editor History Talk (0) Share. 2006 American war film directed by Clint Eastwood, based on two books. Twinned with the film Flags of Our Fathers, which takes the same events from America's perspective. A Very Literary Wiki is a FANDOM Books Community. The island of Iwo Jima was the location of the Battle of Iwo Jima between February 1945–March 1945. The island became globally recognized when Joe Rosenthal, who worked for the Associated Press at the time, published his photograph Raising the Flag on.

First pioneer, then a fighter pilot of the Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun Kōkū Hombu, the aeronautical service of the Japanese Imperial Navy. During the Second World War, he commanded numerous air units, participating in the Guadalcanal Campaign. In August 1944 he assumed command of the Imperial Navy forces present on the island of Iwo Jima, finding his death in combat against the US Marines on March 26, 1945.

• 1Biography

Biography[edit]

Rinosuke Ichimaru was born in Karatsu (Prefecture of Saga) on the 20th of September 1891. He graduated on March 31st, 1910 to enter the Etajima Naval Academy that same year.^[1] He finished his studies on December 19, 1913 ranking 46th out of 118 cadets, earning the rank of Ensign. He then embarked on the armored cruiser Azuma. On the 11th of August 1914, he started serving the battle cruiser Kongō. Later that year, on October 24, he was transferred to the armored cruiser Izumo.^[2]

Rinosuke Ichimaru was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on 1 December 1914. On May 26, 1915, he was assigned again to the armored cruiser Azuma, remaining on board until September 1, 1916, when he was switched back to the Kongō again.^[2]

On 1 December 1916, he began to attend basic course at the naval artillery school. On 1 June 1917, he started to study torpedoes. Passionate about the world of aviation, Rinosuke started to attend the course for pilots students of the Japanese Imperial Navy on the 1st of December 1917. On the 1st of January 1918 he was assigned as a military fighter pilot to the Yokosuka-based Air Group.^[3]

On September 25, 1919 Rinosuke was transferred to the boarded air group, destined to operate by the new Hōshō aircraft carrier. On the 1st of December he was promoted to Lieutenant and became an instructor at the Yokosuka Air Group. 4 years later, on the 1st of December 1923, he was placed in charge of the Omura Aircraft Group. He was later transferred to the Kasumigaura Aircraft Group on the 7th of January 1925. On the 1st of December of the same year he was appointed to the rank of Lieutenant Commander.^[2]

Flight Instructor[edit]

In July 1926, during a test flight on a fighter, he was involved in an accident that caused him serious fractures to the femur and other injuries to both the skull and the face.^[1] He took a long time to recover : according to the testimony of his daughter, Haruko Ichimaru, he spent three years recovering from his surgery until rehabilitation. However, he kept a limp all his life from this incident. During his recovery, he read many books, painted pictures and wrote poetry in Japanese and Chinese classic style, and became famous in poetry.^[4] On the 1st of December 1927 he returned to active service as an instructor at the Kasumigaura flight school. He then returned to Yokosuka in November 1929, where on the 1st of December 1930 he was promoted to Commander and became an official instructor. Three years later, on 1 December 1933, he became an executive officer at the Sasebo Air Group and on 1 November 1934, he was joined to the General Staff of the 1st Aircraft Division. On May 25, 1935, still as an executive officer, he was boarded on the Kaga aircraft carrier.

Second Sino-Japanese War and Second World War[edit]

On the 15th of October 1935, Rinosuke Ichimaru was assigned to the Chinkai Guard District in Korea, where he later took command of the Air Group on October 1, 1936. Exactly two months later, he was elevated to the rank of Captain. The Second Sino-Japanese war broke out, and 4 months later on November 15, 1937, he became commander of the Yokohama Air Group. He held this position for only one month, being transferred on December 15 to the 1st Naval District where he took command. On 1 April 1939 he was transferred to take command of the Chichi Jima Aircraft Group. On 6 November he changed units again and was placed in command of the 13th Air Group.^[2] He then participated in the war on the Asian continent, coordinating the bombing of the city of Wuhan.^[1] On November 15, 1940 he moved to the Suzuka Air Group and on the 1st of May 1942 he was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral. Sent into the war theater of the South Pacific Ocean, he took part in the battle of the Eastern Solomon and the subsequent fighting of the long and exhausting campaign of Guadalcanal, in command of the 1st Attack Force. The force suffered heavy losses.^[3]

On September 1, 1942, he assumed command of the 21st Air Flotilla,^[3] but in 1943 he was recalled to Japan, where on November 15 he became commander of the 13th airborne group. On the 5th of August 1944 he was transferred to the General Staff of the 3rd Air Fleet and on the 10th he took command of the 27th Air Flotilla based on the island of Iwo Jima, south of the metropolitan archipelago.^[1]

Battle of Iwo Jima[edit]

Admiral Ichimaru landed on the island on August 10 and replaced Rear Admiral Teiichi Matsunaga who was in disagreement with the garrison commander, General Tadamichi Kuribayashi about the defensive strategy to be adopted.^[5] In the days that followed, 2,126 sailors, aviators and marines were placed under his orders. When all the planes of his flotilla were lost in the preliminary US bombing, he decided to place his troops under the command of Kuribayashi.^[1] Ichimaru did not share the defensive strategy of Kuribayashi,^[6] which included a defense in depth.^[7] The admiral would have preferred to immediately counter the landings, fighting on the beaches^[7] and defending the airfield of Minamiburaki.^[6] Despite the differences of opinion with the commander in chief, the men of Ichimaru actively collaborated in the defense and built 135 casemates.^[6]

When the US landings began on February 19, Ichimaru led 7,347 imperial navy men.^[8] On March 17, towards the end of the battle, he was believed to have been killed, and was promoted to the posthumous rank of Vice Admiral.^[1] However, he was still alive and the following day he led a desperate attack at the head of the last sixty Marines ^[9] and still survived. Admiral Ichimaru is believed to have been killed by a barrage of machine gun on March 26,^[10] while trying to abandon the cave in which he had taken refuge.^[1] On his body was found a letter he had written a few days before and addressed to US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt,^[10] in which Ichimaru justified the decision of the Japanese government to enter the war as a reaction to the policy put in place by the United States that forced Japan on the offensive.^[1][10] The letter was published in the New York Herald Tribune on the 11th of July and is today kept at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland.^[1]

Ichimaru's Katana[edit]

During the battle, the admiral wore his family sword, an excellent blade from the Edo period. According to the testimony of his daughter Haruko, the sword had saved his life three times in the past. The first was when he was on board a plane, and got hit by a bullet that bounced off the bottom of the sword, therefore saving him. The blade was broken but Ichimaru had it repaired by a specialized blacksmith.^[11] During the fighting at Iwo Jima, he always kept his sword with him, but when his body was identified at the end of the attack, it had been taken. There was no news about the katana^[11] and in the agitation of the battle, the body of the admiral was lost, as was that of General Kuribayashi.

Twenty years after the battle, many books on Iwo Jima were published in the United States. One of these, Iwo Jima by Richard F. Newcomb, published in New York in 1965, included an annotation on the sword of Ichimaru. A history professor, who had participated in the war, read the book and suspected that the sword he had bought for $25 as a war souvenir in New Jersey many years ago was that of the admiral. He carried out further research to identify the sword, and discovered that it was indeed the sword of Ichimaru. It was brought back to Japan by a Japanese war veteran who was visiting New York. The NHK TV organized a meeting that allowed the sword to be returned to the admiral's wife, Sueko. She donated the sword to the Karatsu Castle museum for public exhibition. Unfortunately, the museum was robbed and the sword was stolen along with other objects on display. Sueko died shortly after the robbery. About three years later a doctor bought a sword at an antique shop and, noticing its uniqueness, had it examined. The weapon was identified as the sword of Ichimaru and was returned to the family, where it is still located today.

In popular culture[edit]

Ichimaru is portrayed in Clint Eastwood's film Letters From Iwo Jima (2006). He is played by actor Masashi Nagadoi.^[12]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdefghiWorld War II at sea : an encyclopedia. Tucker, Spencer, 1937-. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, LLC. 2012. ISBN9781598844580. OCLC772511624.CS1 maint: others (link)
2. ^ ^abcdBudge, Kent G. 'The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia: Ichimaru Toshinosuke'. pwencycl.kgbudge.com. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
3. ^ ^abcB., Lundstrom, John (2005). The first team and the Guadalcanal campaign : naval fighter combat from August to November 1942 (1st Naval Institute Press paperback ed.). Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN9781612511658. OCLC847527705.
4. ^J., O'Rourke, P. (2004). Peace kills (Export ed.). New York, N.Y.: Grove Press. ISBN0802165001. OCLC308595049.
5. ^Ross, Bill D. (1985). 'Iwo Jima: legacy of valor'. Vanguard Press.
6. ^ ^abc1970-, Burrell, Robert S., (2006). The ghosts of Iwo Jima (1st ed.). College Station: Texas A & M University Press. ISBN9781603445498. OCLC715189127.
7. ^ ^ab1961-, Kakehashi, Kumiko,; 1961-, 梯久美子, (2007). So sad to fall in battle : an account of war. New York: Presidio Press/Ballantine Books. ISBN9780307497918. OCLC743234813.
8. ^L., Gatchel, Theodore (1996). At the water's edge : defending against the modern amphibious assault. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1557503087. OCLC35270003.
9. ^A., Wiest, Andrew (2001). The Pacific war. Mattson, Gregory Louis. St. Paul, MN: MBI Pub. Co. ISBN0760311463. OCLC49231245.
10. ^ ^abcToland, John (2003). The rising sun: the decline and fall of the Japanese empire, 1936-1945. Vol.2. New York: Random House Publishing Group.
11. ^ ^abRichard F., Newcomb (1965). Iwo Jima. New York: Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
12. ^Letters from Iwo Jima (2006), retrieved 2018-04-29

Flags of Our Fathers is a 2006 American war film directed, co-produced, and scored by Clint Eastwood and written by William Broyles Jr., and Paul Haggis. It is based on the 2000 book of the same name written by James Bradley and Ron Powers about the 1945 Battle of Iwo Jima, the five Marines and one Navy corpsman who were involved in raising the flag on Iwo Jima, and the aftereffects of that event on their lives.

Until June 23, 2016, Bradley's father John Bradley, Navy corpsman, was misidentified as being one of the figures who raised the second flag, and incorrectly depicted on the memorial as the third bronze statue from the base of the flagstaff with the 32-foot (9.8-m) bronze statues of the other five flag-raisers on the monument.^[3]

The film is taken from the American viewpoint of the Battle of Iwo Jima, while its companion film, Letters from Iwo Jima, which Eastwood also directed, is from the Japanese viewpoint of the battle. Letters from Iwo Jima was released in Japan on December 9, 2006, and in the United States on December 20, 2006, two months after the release of Flags of Our Fathers on October 20, 2006.

• 4Release
• 7References

Plot[edit]

As three US servicemen – Marine Private First Class Ira Hayes, Private First Class Rene Gagnon, and Navy CorpsmanJohn 'Doc' Bradley – are feted as heroes in a war bond drive, they reflect on their experiences via flashback.

After training at Camp Tarawa in Hawaii, the 28th Marine Regiment5th Marine Division sails to invade Iwo Jima. The Navy bombards suspected Japanese positions for three days. Sergeant Mike Strank is put in charge of Second Platoon.

The next day, February 19, 1945, the Marines land in Higgins boats and LVTs. The beaches are silent and Private First Class Ralph 'Iggy' Ignatowski wonders if the defenders are all dead before Japanese heavy artillery and machine guns open fire on the advancing Marines and the Navy ships. Casualties are heavy, but the beaches are secured.

Two days later, the Marines attack Mount Suribachi under a rain of Japanese artillery and machine gun fire, as the Navy bombards the mountain. Doc saves the lives of several Marines under fire, which later earns him the Navy Cross. The mountain is eventually secured.

On February 23, the platoon under command of Sergeant Hank Hansen reaches the top of Mount Suribachi and hoists the United States flag to cheers from the beaches and the ships. Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, who witnesses the flag raising as he lands on the beach, requests the flag for himself. Colonel Chandler Johnson decides his 2nd Battalion deserves the flag more. Rene is sent up with Second Platoon to replace the first flag with a second one for Forrestal to take. Mike, Doc, Ira, Rene, and two other Marines (Corporal Harlon Block and Private First Class Franklin Sousley) are photographed by Joe Rosenthal as they raise the second flag.

On March 1, the Second Platoon is ambushed from a Japanese machine gun nest. During the fight over the nest, Mike is hit by a U.S. Navy shell and dies from his wounds. Later that day, Hank is shot in the chest and dies, and Harlon is killed by machine gun fire.

Two nights later, while Doc is helping a wounded Marine, Iggy is abducted by Japanese troops and dragged into a tunnel. Doc finds his viciously mangled body a few days later. On March 21, Franklin is killed by machine gun fire and dies in Ira's arms. Of the eight men in the squad, only three are left: Doc, Ira, and Rene. A few days after Franklin's death, Doc is wounded by artillery fire while trying to save a fellow corpsman. He survives and is sent back home. On March 26, the battle ends and the U.S. Marines are victorious.

After the battle, the press gets hold of Rosenthal's photograph. It is a huge morale booster and becomes famous. Rene is asked to name the six men in the photo; he identifies himself, Mike, Doc, and Franklin, but misidentifies Harlon as Hank. Rene eventually names Ira as the sixth man, even after Ira threatens to kill him for doing so.

Doc, Ira, and Rene are sent home as part of the seventh bond tour. When they arrive to a hero's welcome in Washington, DC, Doc notices that Hank's mother is on the list of mothers of the dead flag raisers. Ira angrily denounces the bond drive as a farce. The men are reprimanded by Bud Gerber of the Treasury Department, who tells them that the country cannot afford the war and if the bond drive fails, the U.S. will abandon the Pacific and their sacrifices will be for nothing. The three agree not to tell anyone that Hank was not in the photograph.

As the three are sent around the country to raise money and make speeches, Ira is guilt-ridden, faces discrimination as a Native American, and descends into alcoholism. After he throws up one night in front of General Alexander Vandegrift, commandant of the Marine Corps, he is sent back to his unit and the bond drive continues without him.

After the war, the three survivors return to their homes. Ira still struggles with alcoholism and is never able to escape his unwanted fame. One day after being released from jail, he hitchhikes over 1,300 miles to Texas to see Harlon Block's family. He tells Harlon's father that his son was indeed at the base of the flag in the photograph. In 1954, the USMC War Memorial is dedicated and the three flag raisers see each other one last time. In 1955, Ira dies of exposure after a night of drinking. That same year, Doc drives to the town where Iggy's mother lives to tell her how Iggy died, though it is implied that he does not tell her the truth. Rene attempts a business career, but finds that the opportunities and offers he received during the bond drive are rescinded. He spends the rest of his life as a janitor. Doc, by contrast, is successful, buying a funeral home. In 1994, on his deathbed, he tells his story to his son, James, and in a final flashback to 1945, the men swim in the ocean after raising the flags.

Cast[edit]

• Ryan Phillippe as Pharmacist's Mate Second Class John Bradley, the only one of the six flag raisers who was not a Marine
  • George Grizzard as Older John Bradley
• Jesse Bradford as Corporal Rene Gagnon
• Adam Beach as Corporal Ira Hayes
• John Benjamin Hickey as Gunnery Sergeant Keyes Beech
• Paul Walker as Sergeant Hank Hansen, who helped with the first flag raising and was misidentified as Harlon Block
• John Slattery as Bud Gerber
• Barry Pepper as Sergeant Michael Strank
• Jamie Bell as Private Ralph Ignatowski
• Robert Patrick as Colonel Johnson
• Neal McDonough as Captain Dave Severance
  • Harve Presnell as Older Dave Severance
• Melanie Lynskey as Pauline Harnois Gagnon
• Tom McCarthy as James Bradley
• Chris Bauer as General Alexander Vandegrift, the Commandant of the Marine Corps
• Gordon Clapp as General Holland Smith, who led the invasion of Iwo Jima
• Judith Ivey as Belle Block
• Ann Dowd as Mrs. Strank
• Myra Turley as Madeline Evelley
• Jason Gray-Stanford as Lieutenant
• Joseph Michael Cross as Private First Class Franklin Sousley
• Benjamin Walker as Corporal Harlon Block, who was misidentified as Hank Hansen
• Alessandro Mastrobuono as Corporal Chuck Lindberg
• Scott Eastwood as Private Roberto Lundsford
• David Patrick Kelly as President Harry S. Truman
• Jeremiah Kirnberger as Gunners Mate 1st Class

Production[edit]

The film rights to the book were purchased by DreamWorks in June 2000.^[4] Producer Steven Spielberg brought William Broyles to write the first drafts of the script, before director Clint Eastwood brought Paul Haggis to rewrite.^[5] In the process of reading about the Japanese perspective of the war, in particular General Tadamichi Kuribayashi, Eastwood decided to film a companion piece with Letters from Iwo Jima, which was shot entirely in Japanese.^[6]Bradley Cooper auditioned for one of the leading roles.^[7]Flags of Our Fathers was shot in the course of 58 days.^[6]Jared Leto was originally cast as Rene Gagnon but had to back out due to a tour commitment with his band, Thirty Seconds to Mars.^[8]

Flags of Our Fathers cost $55 million, although it was originally budgeted at $80 million. Variety subsequently downgraded the price tag to $55 million. Although the film is taken from the American viewpoint of the battle, it was filmed almost entirely in Iceland and Southern California, with a few scenes shot in Chicago. Shooting ended early 2006, before production for Letters from Iwo Jima began in March 2006.

Release[edit]

Critical reception[edit]

The film received positive reviews, with the review tallying website Rotten Tomatoes reporting that 138 out of the 189 reviews they tallied were positive for a score of 73% and a certification of 'fresh'.^[9] On Metacritic, the film scored a 79 out of 100 based on 39 reviews, indicating 'Generally favorable reviews.'^[10]

The film made the top-10 list of the National Board of Review. Eastwood also earned a Golden Globe nomination for directing. The film was nominated for two Academy Awards — for Best Sound (John T. Reitz, David E. Campbell, Gregg Rudloff, and Walt Martin) and Sound Editing.^[11] Film critic Richard Roeper said, 'Clint Eastwood's Flags of Our Fathers stands with the Oscar-winning Unforgiven and Million Dollar Baby as an American masterpiece. It is a searing and powerful work from a 76-year-old artist who remains at the top of his game... [and] Flags of Our Fathers is a patriotic film in that it honors those who fought in the Pacific, but it is also patriotic because it questions the official version of the truth, and reminds us that superheroes exist only in comic books and cartoon movies.'^[12]

Top ten lists[edit]

Flags of Our Fathers was listed on numerous critics' top ten lists for 2006.^[13]

• 1st – Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times (tied with Letters from Iwo Jima)
• 1st – Michael Wilmington, Chicago Tribune
• 1st – Kirk Honeycutt, The Hollywood Reporter
• 1st – Stephen Hunter, The Washington Post
• 2nd – Scott Foundas, L.A. Weekly (tied with Letters from Iwo Jima)
• 3rd – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone (tied with Letters from Iwo Jima)
• 3rd – Shawn Levy, Portland Oregonian (tied with Letters from Iwo Jima)
• 3rd – Jack Matthews, New York Daily News (tied with Letters from Iwo Jima)
• 3rd – Lou Lumenick, New York Post (tied with Letters from Iwo Jima)
• 3rd – Richard Roeper, At the Movies (tied with Letters from Iwo Jima)
• 3rd – Claudia Puig, USA Today
• 4th – William Arnold, Seattle Post-Intelligencer
• 5th – Ray Bennett, The Hollywood Reporter
• 5th – Richard Schickel, Time
• 5th – David Edelstein, Fresh Air (tied with Letters from Iwo Jima)^[14]
• 7th – Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times (tied with Letters from Iwo Jima)^[15]
• Best of 2006 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – David Denby, The New Yorker^[16]

Box office[edit]

Despite critical acclaim, the film under-performed at the box office, earning just $65,900,249 worldwide on an estimated $90 million production budget. It took in $2.7 million less than its companion film Letters From Iwo Jima, which had a budget of $71 million less (its total budget being $19 million).^[17]

Spike Lee controversy[edit]

At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, director Spike Lee, who was making Miracle at St. Anna, about an all-black U.S. division fighting in Italy during World War II, criticized director Clint Eastwood for not depicting black Marines in Flags of Our Fathers.^[18] Citing historical accuracy, Eastwood responded that his film was specifically about the Marines who raised the flag on Mount Suribachi at Iwo Jima, pointing out that while black Marines did fight at Iwo Jima, the U.S. military was segregated during World War II, and none of the men who raised the flag was black. Eastwood believed Lee was using the comments to promote Miracle at St. Anna and angrily said that Lee should 'shut his face'.^[18] Lee responded that Eastwood was acting like an 'angry old man', and argued that despite making two Iwo Jima films back to back, Letters from Iwo Jima and Flags of Our Fathers, 'there was not one black Marine in both of those films'.^[19][20][21]

Contrary to Lee's claims, however, black Marines (including an all-black unit) are seen in several scenes during which the mission is outlined, as well as during the initial landings, when a wounded black Marine is carried away. During the end credits, historical photographs taken during the Battle of Iwo Jima show black Marines. Although black Marines fought in the battle, they were restricted to auxiliary roles, such as ammunition supply, and were not involved in the battle's major assaults; they did, however, take part in defensive actions.^[22] According to Alexander M. Bielakowski and Raffaele Ruggeri, 'Half a million African Americans served overseas during World War II, almost all in segregated second-line units.'^[23] The number of African Americans killed in action was 708.^[24]

Spielberg later intervened between the two directors, after which Lee sent a copy of a film on which he was working to Eastwood for a private screening as a seeming token of apology.^[18]

Home media[edit]

The DVD was released in the United States by DreamWorks Home Entertainment and internationally by Warner Home Video on February 6, 2007. It is devoid of any special features.

A two-disc Special Collector's Edition DVD (with special features) was released on May 22, 2007.^[25] It was also released on HD DVD and Blu-ray formats.^[26]

The Two-Disc Special Collector's Edition DVD is also available in a five-disc commemorative set that also includes the two-disc Special Collector's Edition of Letters from Iwo Jima and a bonus fifth disc containing History Channel's Heroes of Iwo Jima documentary and To the Shores of Iwo Jima, a documentary produced by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps, released by Warner Home Video.^[27]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'FLAGS OF OUR FATHERS (15)'. British Board of Film Classification. October 5, 2006. Archived from the original on October 14, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
2. ^ ^abFlags of Our Fathers at Box Office Mojo
3. ^USMC Statement on Marine Corps Flag RaisersArchived June 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Office of U.S. Marine Corps Communication, 23 June 2016
4. ^Fleming, Michael (June 20, 2000). 'Deal for 'Flags' rights raised by DreamWorks'. Variety. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017.
5. ^Staff (December 17, 2006). ''Flags of Our Fathers,' William Broyles Jr., Paul Haggis'. Variety. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
6. ^ ^abByrne, Bridge (January 25, 2006). 'Eastwood makes war'. Variety. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
7. ^Lynn Hirschberg (January 9, 2014). 'The Agony and the Ecstasy'. W. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
8. ^Jeff LaBrecque (January 17, 2015). 'Jared Leto: Heartthrob, Rock Star, Oscar Contender?'. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
9. ^'Flags of Our Fathers (2006)'. Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on January 21, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
10. ^'Flags of Our Fathers'. Metacritic. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012.
11. ^'The 79th Academy Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners'. oscars.org. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
12. ^Roeper, Richard (October 20, 2006). 'Grand old 'Flags''. Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
13. ^'Metacritic: 2006 Film Critic Top Ten Lists'. archive.org. December 13, 2007. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
14. ^'The Year in Movies: The Best of 2006'. npr.org. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018.
15. ^Ebert, Roger. 'The best movies of 2006 - Roger Ebert's Journal - Roger Ebert'. www.rogerebert.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018.
16. ^Denby, David (December 11, 2006). 'Memorable Movies of 2006'. Archived from the original on July 2, 2017 – via www.newyorker.com.
17. ^'Letters from Iwo Jima'. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
18. ^ ^abcEliot (2009), p.322-323
19. ^Marikar, Sheila (June 6, 2008). 'Spike Strikes Back: Clint's 'an Angry Old Man''. ABC. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
20. ^'Eastwood hits back at Lee claims'. BBC News. June 6, 2008. Archived from the original on March 23, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
21. ^Lyman, Eric J. (May 21, 2008). 'Lee calls out Eastwood, Coens over casting'. The Hollywood Reporter, The Daily from Cannes. Cannes (8): 3, 24. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008.
22. ^'MONTFORD POINT MARINES'. Mpma28.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
23. ^'African American Troops in World War II'. Alexander M. Bielakowski, Raffaele Ruggeri (2005). p.4. ISBN1-84603-072-2
24. ^Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN0-7864-1204-6.
25. ^'Flags of Our Fathers'. May 22, 2007 – via Amazon.
26. ^'Flags of Our Fathers'. June 3, 2008 – via Amazon.
27. ^'Letters from Iwo Jima / Flags of Our Fathers'. May 22, 2007 – via Amazon.

Bibliography[edit]

• Eliot, Marc (2009). American Rebel: The Life of Clint Eastwood. Harmony Books. ISBN978-0-307-33688-0.

External links[edit]

• Official website^{[dead link]}
• Flags of Our Fathers on IMDb
• Flags of Our Fathers at Rotten Tomatoes
• Flags of Our Fathers at Metacritic